Location of Keo Ruug Shrine. Source: BeardBear/Youtube
Keo Ruug Shrine is located in Korok Forest in the Woodland Region. You can find this temple at the foot of the Great Deku Tree. To reach this temple, you have to pass through Lost Woods.
Lost Woods itself is located in the Great Hyrule Forest area, a place that provides access to five shrines, the Great Deku Tree, the Master Sword and Hestu which can expand your storage.
To reach the Lost Woods entrance, go north from Kakariko Village to Lanayru Wetlands by paragliding.
Next, follow the road that heads northwest towards the Great Hyrule Forest area. You will pass the Mirro Shaz Shrine, Woodland Stable and Woodland Tower before arriving at this entrance.
When you arrive at Keo Ruug Shrine, you will see a large number of ball containers on both sides of the room. There is a writing that will welcome you under the stairs.
The text is "To you who sets foot in this shrine… I am Keo Ruug. In the name of the Goddess Hylia, I offer this trial.”
If you look straight up in front of the inscription, there are constellations on the wall that match the ones on the right and left in front of the pillars with ball containers.
When you look at the containers, you will see that each row is represented by 1 – 5 torches. You have to count how many constellations are in each column that appears on the far wall and place the correct number according to the torch next to it.
Place the ball according to the torch. Source: Zelda Dungeon/Youtube
For example, the constellation on the far left appears 5 times on the wall, then the ball in front of that constellation must be placed in the container in the front row with five torches.
The following is the placement order for the second and subsequent balls in Keo Ruug Shrine Zelda Breath of the Wild:
The first ball is placed in a container that has five torches
The second ball is placed in a container with three torches
The third ball is placed in a container that has one torch
The fourth and final ball is placed in a container with two torches
Once you place all the balls in the correct order, a gate leading to the Monk will open.
When you return, you will have to place the balls again in the following order:
The first ball is placed in a container with four torches
The second ball is placed in a container with two torches
The third ball is also placed in a container with two torches
The fourth ball is placed in the container with one torch
When you have placed the balls in order, a gate leading to a treasure chest containing the Knight's Claymore item will open. Take the item and go to where the Monk is.
Link interacts with Monk. Source: Zelda Dungeon/Youtube
When you interact with the Monk, a cutscene will play where you will get a Spirit Orb from him.